You’re interested in solar power and you’ve probably heard of three-phase solar panels. It’s a term that’s often used, but there’s sometimes a bit of confusion about what it means exactly. In fact, the solar panel itself doesn’t change. What’s three-phase is the electrical installation to which it’s connected, and above all, the inverter that manages the electricity produced. Understanding how it all works is important, especially if you want to optimise your energy consumption. We’ll look together at what this means for your home or business, and how it compares to single-phase systems.

Key Points

• A three-phase solar panel refers to a system with a three-phase inverter, suitable for three-phase electrical installations.
• The main difference with single-phase lies in the distribution of electrical power, with three-phase offering three separate circuits.
• Three-phase installations are often chosen for high consumption or energy-intensive equipment.
• The choice of inverter (single-phase or three-phase) is an important decision that depends on the power of your connection.
• Government assistance is available to support the installation of solar panels, including for three-phase configurations.

What is a three-phase solar panel installation?

Definition of a three-phase solar panel

When we talk about “three-phase solar panels”, it’s essential to understand that the expression refers more to the configuration of the inverter than to the panels themselves. In reality, a “three-phase solar panel” is a standard solar panel connected to a three-phase inverter. This configuration is typically used in homes or businesses with a three-phase connection to the Enedis network, which is often the case when the meter power is equal to or greater than 18 kVA. In concrete terms, the electricity produced by the solar panels is converted into alternating current by the three-phase inverter, which is suitable for this type of connection. To fully understand the basics of photovoltaic production, it’s helpful to look at solar circuits.

How three-phase panels work

The intrinsic operation of a solar panel remains the same, whether the installation is single-phase or three-phase. Solar panels capture sunlight and, thanks to photovoltaic cells, produce a direct current. The difference lies in the connection and the way in which this direct current is converted into usable alternating current. The inverter plays a central role in this conversion, adapting the current to the specific characteristics of the electricity grid. It’s entirely possible to opt for a solar panel installation in three-phase, following the standards and recommendations in force.

Role of the inverter in the three-phase system

The inverter is the central element of a three-phase solar installation. Its main function is to convert the direct current produced by the solar panels into three-phase alternating current, which is compatible with the electricity grid. It also ensures synchronisation with the grid, optimising the injection of the electricity produced. The choice of inverter is crucial for the overall performance of the system. In general, a three-phase inverter is installed when the power of the photovoltaic installation exceeds 6 kWp. It’s important to size your installation correctly, especially if it’s intended to power an electric car solar panel.

Differences between single-phase and three-phase connections

Identifying the type of meter

To distinguish a single-phase connection from a three-phase connection, the simplest method is to examine the electricity meter. The number of wires connected to it is a key indicator.

• A single-phase meter generally has two wires: a phase wire (often red or blue) and a neutral wire (blue).
• A three-phase meter, on the other hand, has three phase wires and a neutral wire.
• This distinction applies to both Linky meters and older models.

Impact on solar panel operation

Contrary to what you might think, the type of connection (single-phase or three-phase) doesn’t directly affect the operation of the solar panel itself. The solar panel captures sunlight and converts it into direct current, thanks to its silicon cells. It’s then the inverter that plays a crucial role in transforming this direct current into alternating current, which can be used to power your home or be injected into the grid. The difference therefore lies in the inverter and the way it distributes the electricity produced.

The choice between a single-phase and a three-phase inverter will depend mainly on the electrical configuration of your installation and your power requirements. It’s important to assess these elements carefully to optimise the efficiency of your solar system.

Distribution of electrical power

The main difference between a single-phase and three-phase connection lies in the way electrical power is distributed. In a single-phase system, electricity is supplied via a single circuit, whereas in a three-phase system, it’s distributed over three separate circuits. This distribution has a significant impact on the power available and the ability to power different appliances simultaneously. A three-phase electricity meter is therefore often preferred for homes with significant energy requirements.

• Single-phase: Generally limited to a maximum power of around 12 kVA. Suitable for homes with standard electricity consumption.
• Three-phase: Allows higher power levels to be reached, up to 36 kVA or even more. Ideal for large houses or those equipped with energy-intensive appliances (heat pump, electric vehicle charging point, etc.).
• A single-phase inverter will send the electricity production to a single circuit in the building. Conversely, a three-phase inverter will distribute the production over the three sub-circuits of the installation.

In short, the choice between single-phase and three-phase depends on the power needed to supply your home and the presence of equipment requiring a high electrical demand. If you have a solar installation and are considering switching to three-phase, it’s advisable to consult a professional to assess your needs and choose the right inverter.

Advantages of three-phase solar panels for self-consumption

Three-phase self-consumption offers significant advantages, particularly for large installations or those with significant energy requirements. It allows for better power management and a more balanced distribution of the energy produced.

Optimising energy consumption

One of the main advantages of a three-phase solar installation lies in its ability to optimise energy consumption. By distributing electricity production over the three phases, the risk of imbalance and overload on a single phase is reduced. This is particularly relevant for buildings equipped with numerous electrical appliances or with a high energy demand. A three-phase installation makes the best use of the solar energy produced, reducing dependence on the traditional electricity grid. For photovoltaic installations, it’s important to understand the tariffs and self-consumption bonuses available.

Managing energy-intensive equipment

Three-phase installations are particularly well suited to powering energy-intensive equipment. For example:

• Charging points for electric vehicles
• Heat pumps for swimming pools
• Centralised air conditioning systems

These appliances, which are often energy-hungry, can be powered more efficiently and stably by distributing the load over the three phases. This avoids overloads and frequent disconnections, ensuring optimum operation of this equipment. It’s important to note that the operation of a three-phase solar panel remains the same as that of a single-phase panel, but the distribution of energy is different.

Balanced distribution of production

A three-phase installation ensures a more balanced distribution of solar electricity production. This means that the energy produced by the solar panels is distributed equally over the three phases of the building’s electrical grid. This balanced distribution has several advantages:

• Reduction of energy losses due to phase imbalances.
• Improved stability of the internal electrical grid.
• Optimisation of the use of solar energy produced.

Phase balancing is essential to ensure efficient use of solar energy and to avoid problems of overload or undervoltage on certain phases. A professional thermal assessment can help determine the best configuration for your installation.

In short, three-phase self-consumption offers a high-performance solution for optimising energy consumption, managing energy-intensive equipment and ensuring a balanced distribution of solar production. For a profitable photovoltaic park project, it’s important to carefully assess these advantages.

Disadvantages and considerations for three-phase

While three-phase solar installations offer significant advantages, it’s important to consider certain disadvantages and aspects to take into account before making a decision.

Complexity of installation

Installing a three-phase system is generally more complex than a single-phase installation. This is due to the need to balance the loads on the three phases to avoid imbalances that could lead to performance problems or even damage the equipment. It’s therefore essential to call on a qualified professional to guarantee a correct and safe installation. A poorly executed installation can lead to additional costs and long-term operating problems.

Initial cost of the three-phase inverter

Three-phase inverters are generally more expensive than single-phase inverters. This price difference can represent a larger initial investment. However, it’s important to consider that the three-phase inverter may be necessary to optimise the use of the energy produced by the solar panels, especially if you have energy-intensive equipment or if your electrical installation requires a higher power.

Need for a professional thermal assessment

For a three-phase installation, it’s strongly recommended that you carry out a professional thermal assessment. This assessment will accurately evaluate your home’s energy needs and correctly size the solar installation. A thermal assessment avoids undersizing or oversizing the installation, which can lead to loss of efficiency or unnecessary costs. An accurate thermal assessment is therefore a wise investment to optimise the performance and profitability of your three-phase solar installation.

It’s important to note that even if the initial cost may be higher, the long-term benefits of a well-designed three-phase installation, particularly in terms of optimising energy consumption and managing energy-intensive equipment, can offset this additional investment. In addition, a three-phase installation may be more suitable if you plan to add energy-intensive equipment in the future, such as an electric vehicle charging point or a heat pump.

Here are a few points to consider:

• The cost of the three-phase inverter is higher.
• Installation is more complex and requires a qualified professional.
• A thermal assessment is recommended to optimise the installation.
• The choice of solar panels must be made with care.

Choosing the right inverter for a three-phase installation

Choosing the right inverter is a crucial step in designing a three-phase solar installation. It’s imperative to select a model that’s suited to your energy needs and the specific characteristics of your installation. There are several options available to you, each with advantages and disadvantages that should be carefully evaluated. It’s important to fully understand the role of the three-phase inverter in converting the direct current produced by the solar panels into alternating current that can be used by your home or business.

Single-phase inverter on a three-phase circuit

It’s technically possible to use a single-phase inverter on a three-phase circuit. This configuration means that the inverter will only be connected to one of the three phases of the circuit. This option may seem attractive because single-phase inverters are generally less expensive. However, it has significant limitations.

• The power injected into the grid will be limited to the capacity of the single phase to which the inverter is connected.
• A load imbalance between the phases may occur, which can cause operating problems for certain electrical appliances.
• This solution is not recommended if you have energy-intensive equipment distributed over the three phases.

In short, although less expensive to purchase, this option may prove less efficient and less suitable for a three-phase installation.

Three-phase inverter and distribution of production

Using a three-phase inverter is the most appropriate solution for a three-phase solar installation. This inverter is designed to distribute electricity production evenly over the three phases of the circuit. This optimises self-consumption and minimises the risk of load imbalance.

• Balanced distribution of production over the three phases.
• Optimisation of self-consumption and reduction of dependence on the electricity grid.
• Compatibility with energy-intensive equipment distributed over the three phases.

The three-phase inverter is particularly recommended if your electrical installation is large and you have appliances requiring a three-phase supply, such as certain heat pumps or electric vehicle charging points.

Inverter sizing criteria

Sizing the inverter is a crucial step in ensuring the proper operation and performance of your solar installation. It’s essential to choose an inverter whose power is suited to the total power of the solar panels installed. Several factors must be taken into account:

1. The peak power of the solar panels: This is the maximum power that the panels can produce under optimal conditions.
2. The orientation and inclination of the panels: These parameters influence the amount of solar energy captured by the panels.
3. Losses due to temperature and wiring: These losses must be taken into account when sizing the inverter correctly.

It’s generally recommended to slightly oversize the inverter in relation to the peak power of the panels. This compensates for losses and optimises electricity production, even in less favourable conditions. Don’t hesitate to call on a photovoltaics professional to help you size your inverter correctly and choose the model that best suits your needs. Accurate sizing is essential to maximise the efficiency of your installation and ensure its longevity. It’s important to note that choosing the right inverter can influence the self-consumption rate of your installation.

Costs and profitability of a three-phase solar installation

Estimating inverter prices

Investing in a three-phase solar installation involves a precise assessment of costs, particularly that of inverters. Prices vary considerably depending on power and technology. A 2.5 kW monobloc model can cost between €150 and €350, while 2.5 to 3.5 kW models range from €300 to €1,000. For requirements above 3.5 kW, a budget of €1,000 to over €3,500 should be planned. It’s therefore essential to size your inverter correctly according to your needs.

Factors influencing the total cost

Several factors can affect the total cost of a three-phase solar installation. It’s important to take these into account in order to anticipate expenses and optimise your budget. These factors include:

• The total power of the installation (number of panels and power of the inverter).
• The type of inverter (single-phase or three-phase).
• The complexity of the existing electrical installation.
• Labour costs for installation and connection.
• Any work required to bring the electrical panel up to standard.

It’s important to note that installing a three-phase system entails additional expenses compared to a single-phase system. This is due to the need for more components and a more complex inverter.

Long-term profitability of the investment

Although the initial investment may seem substantial, a three-phase solar installation can prove very profitable in the long term. The reduction in electricity bills is the main advantage, allowing the cost of the installation to be amortised over several years. In addition, the sale of surplus electricity to an energy supplier can generate additional income. To assess profitability, it’s advisable to consider the following elements:

• The household’s annual electricity consumption.
• The price of electricity (before and after the installation of the panels).
• The amount of financial aid available government aid.
• The estimated lifespan of the solar panels and inverter.

It’s also possible to install a single-phase inverter on a house equipped with a three-phase meter. The cost of a solar installation can vary from €250 to €450 per square metre. For a 9 kWp installation, the solar panel installation costs can range from €15,000 to €21,000.

Government assistance for three-phase solar panels

Installing three-phase solar panels may seem like a significant investment, but fortunately, the government offers various forms of financial assistance to encourage this transition to cleaner energy. These schemes aim to reduce the initial cost and improve the profitability of your installation. It’s important to note that this assistance is often similar, whether you opt for a three-phase or single-phase installation.

Financial support schemes

Several financial support schemes are available for three-phase solar installations. The most common include:

• The self-consumption bonus: This bonus is paid to individuals who consume part or all of the electricity produced by their solar panels. The amount of the bonus depends on the power of the installation and is paid in instalments over a period of five years. Individuals can receive a self-consumption bonus for the installation of solar panels.
• The purchase obligation: This scheme allows you to sell the surplus electricity produced to an energy supplier at a price set by the government. This guarantees additional income and helps to make the investment profitable. Individuals can receive an incentive of €80 per kWp for the installation of photovoltaic solar panels.
• Reduced VAT: Solar installations benefit from a reduced VAT rate of 10% under certain conditions, in particular if the power of the installation is less than or equal to 3 kWp.
• Local aid: Some regions, departments or municipalities offer additional aid to encourage the installation of solar panels. It’s therefore important to check with local authorities to find out what schemes are available.

It’s important to find out about the eligibility conditions and the steps to take to benefit from this aid. Don’t hesitate to contact a qualified professional to help you with your project.

Eligibility conditions for subsidies

The eligibility conditions for subsidies for three-phase solar panels vary depending on the scheme concerned. However, certain conditions are generally required:

• Use an RGE (Reconnu Garant de l’Environnement) certified installer: This certification guarantees the quality of the installation and allows you to benefit from government aid.
• Comply with current technical standards: The installation must comply with safety and energy performance standards.
• Do not exceed a certain income level: Some aid is subject to income conditions.
• The installation must be carried out on a dwelling that is more than two years old.

Steps to benefit from aid

The steps to benefit from aid for three-phase solar panels can be complex. It’s therefore advisable to seek professional assistance. Here are the main steps to follow:

1. Obtain a quote from an RGE-certified installer.
2. Check the eligibility conditions for aid.
3. Submit a building permit application or a prior declaration of works to the town hall.
4. Carry out the installation work.
5. Submit aid applications to the organisations concerned (EDF, Agence Nationale de l’Habitat, local authorities, etc.).
6. Commission the installation and benefit from the aid. Individuals can receive an incentive of €80 per kWp for the installation of photovoltaic solar panels, especially when selling surplus energy.

It’s crucial to prepare your application carefully and to respect the deadlines in order to maximise your chances of obtaining the aid to which you are entitled. Don’t hesitate to seek advice from a specialist advisor to guide you through these steps. Installing a three-phase solar system can be a profitable long-term investment, especially with the aid available.

Maintenance and lifespan of three-phase systems

The durability of a three-phase solar installation depends on rigorous maintenance and an understanding of the factors influencing its lifespan. Careful monitoring and regular interventions optimise performance and prevent costly breakdowns.

Regular maintenance operations

Regular maintenance is essential to ensure the proper functioning and extend the lifespan of your three-phase solar installation. Here are a few key operations to carry out:

• Cleaning solar panels: Dust, leaves and other debris can reduce the efficiency of the panels. Regular cleaning, at least twice a year, is recommended. Use water and a soft brush to avoid damaging the panels.
• Checking the inverter: The solar inverter is a central element of the system. Check its condition regularly, make sure it’s well ventilated and that there are no signs of overheating or corrosion. Inverters have a limited lifespan, generally between 10 and 20 years, and may need to be replaced during the life of the installation.
• Inspection of wiring and connections: Regularly check the condition of cables, connectors and terminals. Make sure there are no signs of damage, corrosion or loosening. Poor contact can lead to loss of power or a fire hazard.
• Checking the fixing system: Make sure the panels are securely fastened and that there are no signs of corrosion or deterioration of the supports. Extreme weather conditions can affect the stability of the system.

It’s strongly advisable to take out a maintenance contract with a qualified professional. They will be able to carry out thorough checks, detect potential problems and carry out the necessary repairs. Regular maintenance optimises the performance of the installation and extends its lifespan.

Factors influencing longevity

Several factors can influence the lifespan of a three-phase solar installation:

• Quality of components: The quality of the solar panels, inverter and other components is a determining factor. Opt for recognised brands and certified products to guarantee greater durability. The quality of the equipment is paramount.
• Environmental conditions: Local climatic conditions, such as exposure to the sun, extreme temperatures, humidity and pollution, can affect the lifespan of the components. Installations located in coastal areas are more exposed to corrosion.
• Quality of installation: A correct installation, carried out by a qualified professional, is essential to ensure the proper functioning and longevity of the system. Poor wiring, incorrect fixing or insufficient ventilation can lead to long-term problems.
• Frequency and quality of maintenance: Regular, quality maintenance makes it possible to detect and correct potential problems before they cause significant damage. A lack of maintenance can considerably reduce the lifespan of the installation.

Importance of professional monitoring

Professional monitoring is a key element in ensuring the performance and longevity of your three-phase solar installation. A qualified professional can:

• Carry out regular checks: They can carry out thorough inspections, check the condition of the components and detect potential problems.
• Carry out performance tests: They can measure the performance of the solar panels and inverter, and identify any power losses.
• Carry out the necessary repairs: They can diagnose and repair breakdowns, replace defective components and ensure the proper functioning of the system.
• Optimise settings: They can adjust the parameters of the inverter and other equipment to maximise the performance of the installation. The lifespan of a relay is influenced by several factors.

Regular professional monitoring enables you to benefit from technical expertise, anticipate problems and guarantee the performance and longevity of your three-phase solar installation. It’s important to note that the lifespan of an inverter is around 10 years.

Integrating the three-phase solar panel into the home

Integrating three-phase solar panels into a home requires a methodical approach to ensure compatibility with existing installations and optimise overall thermal comfort. It’s important to consider several aspects, from the space available for the outdoor unit to the impact on the household’s energy consumption.

Compatibility with existing installations

Before installing a three-phase solar system, it’s imperative to check compatibility with the existing electrical installation. This involves assessing the capacity of the electrical panel to support the additional power generated by the solar panels. A three-phase installation may be more suitable if your home already has a three-phase meter or if you plan to use energy-intensive appliances.

• Checking the type of meter (single-phase or three-phase).
• Assessing the capacity of the electrical panel.
• Adapting the wiring if necessary.

Space requirements for the outdoor unit

The outdoor unit of a three-phase solar system, in particular the inverter, requires sufficient space for adequate installation and ventilation. It’s crucial to choose a location that doesn’t interfere with the aesthetics of the home and that complies with local planning regulations. The ideal location should be easily accessible for maintenance and protected from the elements.

It’s recommended to consult a professional to determine the optimal location for the outdoor unit, taking into account technical and aesthetic constraints.

Impact on overall thermal comfort

The installation of three-phase solar panels can have a significant impact on the overall thermal comfort of the home. By producing electricity, solar panels reduce dependence on the electricity grid and can power heating or air conditioning systems, helping to stabilise the indoor temperature. In addition, solar panels can act as a thermal barrier, reducing heat gain in summer and heat loss in winter. It’s important to note that installing solar panels in La Rochelle: installing facing the ocean can be an attractive solution for homes located in sunny regions.

• Reduction in energy consumption.
• Improved thermal insulation.
• Powering heating and air conditioning systems.

By integrating a stand-alone solar panel system, you can reduce your dependence on the electricity grid and optimise your energy consumption. Installing solar panels, such as solar panel installation in superimposition, can take some time, but the long-term benefits are worth it.

Technological evolution of three-phase solar panels

The three-phase solar panel sector is constantly evolving, with innovations aimed at improving the performance, reliability and integration of these systems. Technological advances are optimising solar energy production and reducing costs, making this solution increasingly attractive to individuals and businesses. It’s important to keep up with these developments in order to make informed choices when installing or upgrading a solar system.

Innovations in performance

Innovations in the performance of three-phase solar panels are focused on several areas. Firstly, improving the materials used in the manufacture of photovoltaic cells. Research is focusing on more efficient materials, capable of converting a greater proportion of sunlight into electricity. Secondly, optimising the design of the panels, with structures that capture light better and reduce energy losses. Finally, the development of solar tracking technologies, which allow the panels to automatically orient themselves towards the sun throughout the day, maximising electricity production. These continuous improvements are helping to increase the profitability of three-phase solar installations.

Development of smart inverters

The development of solar panel inverters is a major advance in the field of three-phase solar systems. These inverters are able to monitor energy production in real time, optimise panel operation and detect any problems. They can also communicate with the electricity grid, enabling more efficient management of the energy produced. In addition, smart inverters incorporate energy storage functions, making it possible to use solar electricity even when the sun isn’t shining. These innovations are helping to improve the reliability and performance of three-phase solar installations.

Future prospects for solar energy

The future prospects for solar energy, and in particular for three-phase solar panels, are very promising. Market trends indicate continued growth in this sector, supported by government policies in favour of renewable energies and by falling production costs. Technological innovations, such as high-efficiency solar cells and smart inverters, should further improve the performance and profitability of solar installations. In addition, the integration of solar energy into smart electricity grids should facilitate the management of the energy produced and contribute to the transition to a more sustainable energy system. Solar energy is therefore set to play an increasingly important role in electricity production in the future.

The future of three-phase solar energy relies on a combination of technological innovations, supportive policies and a growing awareness of the benefits of this renewable energy source. The coming years should see a massive adoption of this technology, contributing to the fight against climate change and the creation of a more sustainable energy future.

Here are a few key points to remember:

• Innovations in solar panel performance aim to improve the conversion of sunlight into electricity.
• Smart inverters enable more efficient management of the energy produced and better integration into the electricity grid.
• The future prospects for solar energy are very promising, with continued growth in the sector and massive adoption of this technology.

Three-phase solar panels have changed a lot. To understand how they’ve got better and see the latest news, visit our website now.

Conclusion

In summary, the three-phase solar panel, or rather the solar installation with a three-phase inverter, is an attractive solution for homes or businesses with high electricity consumption. It’s true that the basic operation of the panels remains the same, whether in single-phase or three-phase. The real difference is how electricity is managed and distributed in the building. Three-phase allows for better power distribution, which is a plus for equipment that requires a lot of energy. Choosing between single-phase and three-phase really depends on your needs and your current electrical installation. You need to think carefully about it to find the best option for your solar project.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can a solar panel be three-phase?

No, the term “three-phase solar panel” is a shorthand. Solar panels always produce direct current. It’s the inverter, the device that transforms this current into electricity that can be used for the home, that can be three-phase. A three-phase inverter is chosen when your home is already equipped with a three-phase electrical connection, often for higher power levels.

When is it good to have a three-phase solar installation?

A three-phase solar installation is useful if your home or business has a three-phase electricity meter, generally for a power of 18 kVA or more. This allows the electricity produced by the solar panels to be better distributed over the three circuits of your installation, which is ideal for large buildings or those with a lot of energy-intensive appliances.

What’s the difference between a single-phase and three-phase solar system?

The main difference is the way electricity is distributed. In single-phase, all the electricity passes through a single circuit. In three-phase, the electricity is divided into three circuits, which makes it possible to supply more power and better balance consumption, especially if you have equipment that requires a lot of energy.