In 2025, the photovoltaic sector continues to expand, and with it, the need to understand the regulatory framework for Installations Classified for Environmental Protection (ICPE). Whether you are a farmer looking to enhance your land or a solar project developer, understanding the procedures and obligations related to photovoltaic ICPE is essential for the successful completion of your project. This article provides an update on the procedures to follow, the different classifications, the responsibilities of operators, and the opportunities to seize in this rapidly expanding field.

Key Points to Remember

• Understanding the definition and classification criteria for a photovoltaic installation as an ICPE is the first step. This primarily depends on the power output and type of installation (ground-mounted in particular).
• The administrative procedures for a photovoltaic ICPE project include a feasibility study, obtaining the necessary urban planning authorisations (prior declaration or building permit depending on size), and submitting a complete file to the prefecture.
• There are three classification regimes for ICPEs: declaration for low risks, registration for moderate risks, and authorisation for significant risks. The choice depends on the power output and potential impact of the installation.
• Operators of photovoltaic ICPE installations must comply with strict regulatory and safety obligations, including adherence to technical standards (NF C 15-100, UTE C 15-712-1) and the implementation of regular maintenance.
• Non-compliance with ICPE standards can lead to administrative sanctions (fines, formal notices, dismantling) and criminal penalties in the event of environmental damage. It is therefore crucial to seek expert advice to avoid these pitfalls.

Understanding the regulations for photovoltaic ICPEs in 2025

With the constant evolution of energy policies, it is important to fully grasp the regulatory framework governing photovoltaic installations in France, especially those falling under the regime of Installations Classified for Environmental Protection (ICPE). In 2025, these regulations continue to be refined to better integrate solar energy production while controlling potential impacts on the environment and safety.

Definition of a photovoltaic Installation Classified for Environmental Protection (ICPE)

An Installation Classified for Environmental Protection (ICPE) is an installation that presents risks or inconveniences for the environment or public health. In the photovoltaic sector, an installation is considered an ICPE if it meets certain specific criteria. This does not apply to all solar installations, but rather to those which, due to their size or nature, require particular monitoring. The ICPE classification aims to regulate the most impactful projects.

ICPE classification criteria for solar installations

For a photovoltaic installation to be classified as an ICPE, two main conditions are generally taken into account: its power output and its location. Typically, an installation with a power output greater than 250 kWp (kilowatt-peak) and installed on the ground is likely to be subject to this regime. Rooftop installations, even large ones, are generally not covered by this classification, except in specific cases related to particular risks. It is important to consult the ICPE nomenclature to know the precise thresholds and exceptions.

Distinction between photovoltaic installations and ICPEs

It is essential to understand that not all photovoltaic installations are ICPEs. A photovoltaic installation becomes an ICPE when it exceeds certain power thresholds and/or is ground-mounted, thereby subjecting it to stricter regulations. Furthermore, some existing ICPEs for other activities may have obligations to integrate photovoltaics, such as solarising their roofs, without the solar installation itself becoming an ICPE. The distinction therefore lies in the nature and scale of the solar project itself. For more details on solarisation obligations, you can consult the collective regulatory framework.

Key administrative steps for your photovoltaic ICPE project

Setting up a photovoltaic installation subject to the regime of Installations Classified for Environmental Protection (ICPE) requires rigorous preparation of administrative aspects. These steps are designed to regulate the project, ensure its regulatory compliance, and minimise its potential impact. It is therefore essential to anticipate them well to ensure the smooth running of your project.

The technical and regulatory feasibility study

Before any official procedure, an in-depth study is necessary. It assesses the technical viability of your project, analysing in particular the sunshine potential, the site structure, and the installation constraints. In parallel, this phase is an opportunity to verify the project’s compliance with all current regulations, including those specific to ICPEs. This preliminary analysis is fundamental for identifying the risks and requirements specific to your installation. It helps to define the most appropriate ICPE classification regime (declaration, registration, or authorisation) and to anticipate future steps. It is often wise to rely on specialised consulting firms for this stage to benefit from expert knowledge.

Required urban planning authorisations

Beyond the ICPE classification, your project will also need to obtain the necessary urban planning authorisations. These vary depending on the size and location of your installation. For smaller projects, a prior declaration of works may suffice. However, larger installations, particularly those exceeding a certain power threshold or having a significant visual impact, will require a building permit. It is important to inquire with your local council to find out about local specificities and the documents to provide. Good coordination between urban planning procedures and the ICPE file is essential to avoid any blockages.

Submission of the ICPE file to the prefecture

The final step in compiling the file is to submit it to the prefecture of the department where the installation will be located. The content of the file will depend on the ICPE classification regime chosen. For a project falling under the declaration regime, the file will be simpler. For registration, more detailed information will be requested. If your project is subject to authorisation, a comprehensive environmental impact study will be required, detailing the potential effects of the installation on the environment and the measures envisaged to limit them. The meticulous preparation of this file is crucial for obtaining authorisations. It is advisable to anticipate processing times by prefectural services, which can vary. Once the file is submitted, it is possible to monitor its progress and respond to any requests for additional information. The electrical grid connection procedure, particularly with Enedis, can be initiated in parallel with these administrative steps learn more about connection.

The success of a photovoltaic ICPE project relies on meticulous planning of administrative procedures. Each step, from the feasibility study to the submission of the file to the prefecture, must be handled with the utmost care to ensure the compliance and sustainability of your installation.

The different classification regimes for photovoltaic ICPEs

Photovoltaic installations, depending on their size and nature, are not all treated equally in terms of regulation. Classification as an Installation Classified for Environmental Protection (ICPE) depends on several factors, including the power output of the installation and its location. It is essential to understand these distinctions to anticipate administrative procedures. The regime applicable to your project will determine the complexity of the procedures and the constraints to be respected.

There are three main regimes for ICPEs, each corresponding to a different level of risk:

• Declaration Regime (D): This regime applies to installations presenting the least risk to the environment and public safety. For photovoltaic projects, this generally concerns installations with a power output between 250 kWp and 1 MWp, which do not present any particular dangers. A simple declaration to the prefecture is required, with 15 days’ notice before commissioning. This is the simplest case, but it still requires compliance with general prescriptions.
• Registration Regime (E): This classification level concerns installations whose risks are considered moderate. Ground-mounted solar power plants over 1 MWp often fall into this category. The operator must submit a more detailed compliance file, demonstrating that risks can be controlled by complying with general prescriptions. This regime involves a more rigorous procedure than declaration.
• Authorisation Regime (A): This is the most restrictive regime, reserved for installations presenting significant risks. For photovoltaic projects, this may concern very large power plants or those which, due to their location or characteristics, require specific prevention and protection measures. A prefectural authorisation is essential, often preceded by an in-depth environmental impact study and a hazard study. In some cases, a public inquiry may be mandatory, offering stakeholders the opportunity to express their views on the project. Article [7a5c] also mentions regulatory changes aimed at strengthening safety measures for these installations.

The choice of regime is not insignificant; it conditions all the operator’s obligations, from project design to daily operation. A misjudgement of the applicable regime can lead to delays, sanctions, or even the interruption of the project. It is therefore crucial to seek information from the competent services or to call on professionals to validate the classification of your photovoltaic installation.

It is important to note that power output is not the only criterion. Specific risks, such as fire or pollution risk, can lead to a higher classification, even for installations of intermediate power. Regulations evolve, and it is advisable to stay informed of the latest updates, such as those concerning photovoltaic tariffs in Switzerland which could influence economic models [ee8f]. The objective is to ensure that every project, regardless of its size, is carried out in compliance with environmental and safety standards.

Regulatory and safety obligations for photovoltaic ICPE operators

Once your photovoltaic project is installed and declared as an Installation Classified for Environmental Protection (ICPE), it is imperative to comply with a set of obligations to ensure the safety, compliance, and sustainability of your installation. These requirements aim to prevent potential risks and minimise environmental impact.

Compliance with technical standards (NF C 15-100, UTE C 15-712-1)

Compliance with technical standards is the cornerstone of your installation’s safety. The NF C 15-100 standard, which governs low-voltage electrical installations, naturally applies, but for photovoltaic installations, the UTE C 15-712-1 standard is particularly relevant. It details the specific requirements for the design and construction of electrical energy production installations from the sun. This includes crucial aspects such as cable sizing, overvoltage protection, earthing, and emergency shutdown devices. An installation compliant with standards is a safer and more reliable installation.

Importance of maintenance and periodic checks

Regular maintenance of your photovoltaic park is not an option, but an obligation. It ensures that the equipment operates optimally and detects any deviations or failures before they lead to more serious problems. Periodic checks, often carried out by approved organisations, verify the installation’s compliance with current regulations and the requirements of your ICPE file. These checks may cover:

• The general condition of the solar panels and their mounting structure.
• The performance of inverters and conversion systems.
• The integrity of wiring and electrical protections.
• The proper functioning of safety and alarm systems.
• The cleanliness of the installations and the absence of obstructions.

It is advisable to keep a detailed record of all maintenance operations and inspection reports, as they may be requested by the competent authorities. For installations subject to a feed-in tariff, compliance with these obligations is often a condition for continuing to benefit from preferential conditions, such as those defined by the decree of October 2021.

Compliance with environmental and safety requirements

Beyond purely technical aspects, photovoltaic ICPEs must comply with a set of environmental and safety requirements defined in their prefectural order or their declaration/registration file. These requirements may concern:

• The management of waste from the installation or its maintenance.
• The prevention of fire risks, including specific measures for roofs and electrical equipment.
• The protection of biodiversity around the installation.
• Adequate signage of installations and potential hazards.
• Accessibility of sites for emergency services.

Constant vigilance and adaptation to regulatory changes are necessary to maintain the compliance of your photovoltaic ICPE installation throughout its lifespan.

The role of public consultation in photovoltaic ICPE projects

Public consultation is an important step for certain photovoltaic installation projects classified as ICPE. It is not systematic and depends on the size and nature of the installation. Its objective is to allow citizens and stakeholders to inform themselves and give their opinion on the project.

Conditions for mandatory public inquiry

A public inquiry becomes mandatory for ground-mounted solar power plants with a power output exceeding 1 MWp. This procedure is a guarantee of transparency and allows the public to be involved in the decision-making process. The minimum duration of this inquiry is set at 30 days. It is important to note that large ground-mounted installations are not automatically classified as ICPE, but they are subject to urban planning authorisations and, beyond a certain power threshold, to an impact study and potentially a public inquiry.

Modalities for participation of local residents and stakeholders

During the consultation period, the project file is made available to the public. Local residents and any interested person can consult this file, which generally contains information on the environmental impact study and the measures planned to limit nuisances. They have the opportunity to formulate their observations, suggestions, or concerns. These feedbacks are then examined by the competent authority and can influence the final decision concerning the project. It is possible to submit comments in writing or during public meetings organised for this purpose. For large-scale projects, it is often advisable to seek expert advice to fully understand the issues and formulate relevant remarks.

Impact of consultation on the approval process

The opinions gathered during the public consultation can have a significant impact on the approval of a photovoltaic ICPE project. Although public opinion is not always binding, it is taken into account by the prefect in their decision. The concerns raised can lead to adjustments to the project, requests for additional compensatory measures, or even, in some cases, a refusal. Good preparation upstream, including a solid feasibility study and a good understanding of local regulations, is therefore essential to anticipate potential questions and respond to them constructively. Compliance with environmental and safety standards is paramount throughout the process.

Consequences of non-compliance with photovoltaic ICPE standards

Failure to comply with the rules established for Installations Classified for Environmental Protection (ICPE) in the photovoltaic sector can lead to serious repercussions. These consequences can vary depending on the severity of the infringement and the classification regime of the installation.

Potential administrative sanctions

Non-compliance with regulatory requirements can trigger a series of administrative measures. These aim to bring the installation into compliance or to sanction the breach. Authorities can issue a formal notice, demanding the regularisation of the situation within a specified period. In the event of a serious infringement, a temporary suspension of activity may be pronounced. Furthermore, administrative fines may be applied, the amount of which will depend on the nature and duration of the non-compliance. In the most extreme cases, the outright dismantling of the non-compliant installation may be ordered.

Risks of criminal prosecution in case of environmental damage

Beyond administrative sanctions, violations of ICPE standards that cause proven pollution or harm public health can lead to criminal prosecution. The operator may then be held responsible for damages caused to the environment or to people’s health. Criminal penalties can include substantial fines, or even prison sentences in the most serious cases, reflecting the gravity of the ecological or health impact.

Corrective measures: formal notice and dismantling

In the face of non-compliance, the first measures often aim to correct the situation. A formal notice is a formal act that requires the operator to comply with the rules within a defined period. If this formal notice remains without effect, or if the non-compliance is particularly dangerous, the authorities may impose more restrictive measures. The dismantling of the installation, whether it be solar panels or associated equipment, may be required to cease the unregulated activity. It is therefore essential to ensure that your project complies with technical standards, such as those defined by the UTE C 15-712-1 standard, from its design and throughout its operation.

Opportunities and advantages of photovoltaic projects in 2025

The development of photovoltaic projects in 2025, particularly those falling within the framework of Installations Classified for Environmental Protection (ICPE), presents a set of significant economic and environmental opportunities. These installations not only allow for the valorisation of land but also actively contribute to the national energy transition.

Land valorisation and economic profitability

For landowners, especially farmers, installing solar panels on plots can represent a stable, long-term complementary income source. Rental income can vary, but a common estimate is between €1,000 and €5,500 per hectare per year, over a contract period that can reach 30 years. This approach allows for the profitability of less productive land or brownfield sites, transforming potential costs into revenue-generating assets. The absence of initial investment for the owner, when third-party investors finance the project, makes this option particularly attractive. It is important to carefully study the profitability of your project, taking into account installation costs and expected revenues. Businesses can also benefit from these advantages, by reducing their energy costs and improving their carbon footprint.

Contribution to energy transition and carbon footprint reduction

Beyond direct financial benefits, photovoltaic projects play a key role in France’s energy strategy. By increasing the share of renewable energies in the energy mix, these installations contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the fight against climate change. Each solar project helps to decrease dependence on fossil fuels. Commitment to such projects aligns with national sustainable development goals and allows for concrete participation in a cleaner energy future. Project developers can thus rely on an increasingly favourable regulatory framework for these technologies to develop territorial projects.

Advantages related to CSR approach and brand image

For businesses, integrating solar energy solutions strengthens their commitment to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). A photovoltaic installation, whether intended for self-consumption or resale, improves the company’s brand image with its customers, partners, and employees. This demonstrates a willingness to act concretely for the environment and can constitute a competitive advantage. Companies that adopt these green technologies show their capacity for innovation and their ecological awareness, values increasingly sought after in the market. This can translate into better attractiveness for talent and increased customer loyalty.

Professional support for your photovoltaic ICPE projects

Embarking on a photovoltaic project, especially when it involves an Installation Classified for Environmental Protection (ICPE), can seem complex. Fortunately, you are not alone. Engaging professionals can greatly simplify the process and optimise your project. Good preparation is the key to success.

The expertise of specialised consulting firms

These firms are your allies in navigating the regulatory landscape. They conduct in-depth feasibility studies, analysing not only the solar potential of your site but also its compliance with current environmental and technical standards. They can help you define the optimal power output for your installation and anticipate specific constraints related to ICPE classification. Their in-depth knowledge of regulations, including planned developments for 2025, allows you to avoid costly errors and unnecessary delays. They are also a valuable resource for understanding photovoltaic ICPE regulations for 2025.

The role of third-party investors in project management

For those who wish to minimise their initial financial commitment and operational management, engaging a third-party investor is an interesting option. These partners cover part, or even all, of the development and construction costs of your solar power plant. In return, they receive a share of the revenue generated by electricity sales. This is a way to benefit from the advantages of solar energy without bearing the financial and administrative burden. Structures like Ferme Solaire can help you find these partners and structure the financial setup of your project.

Advice for financial optimisation and compliance

Beyond technical and financial aspects, professional support helps you optimise the overall profitability of your project. This includes seeking the best electricity purchase tariffs, managing available aid and subsidies, and implementing an effective maintenance strategy to ensure the longevity of your installation and compliance with requirements. Professional organisations, such as the French Building Federation, can also offer support and advice tailored to their members. A rigorous cost-benefit analysis, integrating ICPE compliance costs, is strongly recommended to ensure the long-term viability of your investment.

Grid connection and feed-in tariffs for photovoltaic installations

For any photovoltaic installation intended for the sale of all or part of the electricity produced, connection to the public grid is a mandatory step. Operators benefit from a right of access guaranteed by law. Connection times vary: one month for installations up to 3 kVA (excluding specific grid works) and up to 12 months for more powerful ones. A connection, operation, and grid access agreement is established. Self-consumption, whether individual or collective, allows for the consumption of one’s own production. In the context of collective self-consumption, a grouping of producers and consumers within a legal entity is necessary, with a specific contract with the grid operator. Consumption and production points must be close, ideally within a 2 km radius on the low-voltage grid. A specific tariff for the use of public electricity distribution networks (TURPE) applies. Unconsumed surplus production can be sold or transferred to the grid operator. Any self-consumption operation must be declared before it is commissioned. Self-consuming consumers may need a supplementary supply from an electricity provider.

The regulatory framework for the sale of produced electricity is defined by the decree of 6 October 2021, which specifies the conditions for benefiting from the purchase obligation, whether for the sale of all production or for self-consumption with sale of surplus. Purchase tariffs, managed by EDF Obligation d’Achat (EDF OA), vary according to the power of the installation. For example, small residential installations may benefit from different tariffs than larger professional installations, covering a wider area. A cost-benefit analysis is recommended to assess the return on investment, taking into account energy savings achieved and any available financial aid.

Here is an overview of potential purchase tariffs:

Installation Power	Indicative Purchase Tariff (per kWh)
Up to 3 kWp	Variable according to decrees
From 3 kWp to 100 kWp	Variable according to decrees
Over 100 kWp	Variable according to decrees

It is important to note that these tariffs are revised periodically and depend on several factors, including the commissioning date of the installation and the type of contract chosen. Inquiring with EDF OA is therefore a key step to obtain the most up-to-date information regarding purchase tariffs.

Connection procedures generally include:

1. Submission of a connection request to the grid operator (Enedis).
2. Acceptance of the connection proposal and agreement.
3. Execution of connection works by the grid operator.
4. Commissioning of the installation and validation by the grid operator.

The choice between total electricity sale, self-consumption with surplus sale, or total self-consumption has direct implications for the project’s economic model and the administrative procedures to follow. It is therefore crucial to define your strategy from the outset.

Specifics of photovoltaic ICPEs for farmers and agrivoltaic developers

For farmers and developers of agrivoltaic projects, the framework of Installations Classified for Environmental Protection (ICPE) presents particular aspects to consider. These projects often aim to enhance agricultural land, whether in production, fallow, or even brownfield sites, by combining agricultural activity with solar energy production. This synergy, called agrivoltaics, requires adapting installations to specific regulations to ensure compatibility between the two uses.

Valorisation of agricultural land and brownfield sites

The installation of photovoltaic panels on agricultural land can offer a significant complementary income source for operators. Rental income can vary, but it represents an opportunity to stabilise the financial situation, particularly on less productive plots or those awaiting rehabilitation. Projects can concern classic agricultural land, but also degraded areas such as former quarries or redeveloped industrial sites. It is important to note that the installation of ground-mounted solar panels, if it exceeds a certain power, can trigger ICPE classification. For large-scale projects, it is advisable to refer to regulatory texts, such as those available on the Ministry of Ecological Transition website.

Synergy between agricultural production and energy production

Agrivoltaics is not limited to simply placing panels on agricultural land. It involves creating a true synergy where solar energy can, for example, protect certain crops from climatic hazards such as hail or frost, or reduce water stress through partial shading. The design of installations must therefore take into account the specific needs of crops and agricultural practices. Technical solutions exist to allow agricultural machinery to pass under the structures, thus facilitating the continuity of activities.

Adaptation of projects to specific regulations

Agrivoltaic projects, when they reach a certain size or power, fall under the ICPE regime. This implies compliance with reinforced regulatory and safety obligations, similar to those of large ground-mounted solar power plants. It is essential to understand the power thresholds and types of installations that trigger this classification. Obtaining technical opinions, such as those validated by the Agence Qualité Construction (AQC) and referenced on the C2P list, can simplify administrative procedures and guarantee the conformity of materials and installation methods. Compliance with technical standards, such as the NF C 15-100 standard, is also a key step for the safety and sustainability of the project. For valuable assistance in understanding these procedures, the complete guide to agrivoltaics can be very useful.

The success of an agrivoltaic ICPE project relies on meticulous planning, a good understanding of regulatory frameworks, and constant dialogue with stakeholders, including local authorities and communities.

It is important to note that ground-mounted photovoltaic installations over 250 kWp are generally concerned by ICPE classification. Administrative procedures can be complex and often require the support of specialised consulting firms for the feasibility study, urban planning authorisations, and submission of the file to the prefecture. Professional support ensures that the project complies with all environmental and safety requirements, while optimising its economic profitability and its contribution to the energy transition. The integration of validated technologies, for example those listed on the C2P green list, can facilitate project acceptance and implementation.

For farmers and those developing agrivoltaics, there are special rules to know. These rules concern installations that use the sun to produce electricity while cultivating the land. This is an important area for the future of agriculture and energy. To learn more about these specifics and how they can help you, visit our website today!

A promising solar future in 2025

In conclusion, embarking on a photovoltaic project under the ICPE regime in 2025 requires a good understanding of the rules. It’s a bit complex at first, with all the administrative procedures and standards to respect. But once everything is in place, it’s a great way to produce clean energy and enhance your land. Aid exists, and working with specialists can really simplify things. If you have a project, don’t hesitate to seek support to navigate all of this. It’s an investment that makes sense for the environment and for your business.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a photovoltaic installation classified as an ICPE?

A photovoltaic installation is considered an ICPE (Installation Classified for Environmental Protection) if it exceeds a certain power output, generally over 250 kWp, or if it is ground-mounted. The purpose is to verify that it does not cause problems for the environment or people’s health.

What are the steps to install solar panels when it’s an ICPE?

First, a study must be carried out to see if the project is feasible. Then, an authorisation must be requested from the local council or prefecture, depending on the size of the project. A file must also be prepared explaining everything about the installation and its impact.

What are the different ICPE categories for solar?

There are three levels: declaration for small projects, registration for those with a medium risk, and authorisation for larger projects that require a more in-depth study. The choice depends on the power output and type of installation.

What rules must be followed for the safety of solar ICPE installations?

Specific standards must be respected, such as NF C 15-100 for electricity. It is also very important to have the panels and equipment regularly checked and maintained so that they remain safe and function well.

Is public opinion always required for a solar ICPE project?

Not always. A public inquiry is mandatory if the project is large enough, for example, if it produces more than 1 MWp. This allows neighbours and interested parties to give their opinion on the project.

What are the risks if solar ICPE rules are not followed?

If the rules are not followed, fines may be imposed, the installation may have to be modified, or even dismantled. In the most serious cases, if there is a danger to the environment, legal proceedings may be initiated.

What are the advantages of installing solar panels, even if it’s an ICPE?

Installing solar panels helps save on electricity bills, produce clean energy to help the environment, and can improve the image of the company or farmer undertaking the project.

Who can help set up a solar ICPE project?

It is advisable to call on experts, such as consulting firms specialising in solar. They can help understand all the rules, carry out the procedures, and find the best solutions for the project.